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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *griwjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_griwjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_ka_ru_u" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒅗𒊒𒌑</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ka-ru-ú</orth>
          </form>
          <def>early; up to now</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_griwjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/griwjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>griwjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣriw.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᛁᚹᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to dawn, begin to shine</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁u-, *ǵʰreh₁- (‘to dawn, shine’). Cognate with Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_ka_ru_u"><ref target="#cog_hit_ka_ru_u">𒅗𒊒𒌑</ref></mentioned> (ka-ru-ú, ‘early; up to now’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>griwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>griwjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>griwjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>griwisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>griwjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>griwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>griwjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>griwjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>griwiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>griwjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>griwjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>griwjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>griwjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>griwjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>griwjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>griwjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>griwjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>griwjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>griwjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>griwjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>griwjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>griwjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>griwiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>griwjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>griwiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>griwjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>griwjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>griwjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>griwjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>griwjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>griwjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>griwjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>griwidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>griwidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>griwidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>griwidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>griwidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>griwidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>griwidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>griwidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>griwidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>griwidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>griwidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>griwidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>griwidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>griwidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>griwidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>griwidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>griwjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>griwidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>griwjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*grýja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>gry</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gliggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>grya</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>gry</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*grýja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>*grȳ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gry</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*grýja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>*grȳia, grȳ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gry</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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