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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grubilōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grubilōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghrebh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰrebʰ-</orth>
          <def>to grab, take</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_grubilona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grubilōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grubilōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣru.βi.lɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᚢᛒᛁᛚᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to lie face down, lie prostrate</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to grub, scramble, scrape, scratch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly a derivative of *grubilaz (“lying face down", or "a digging instrument”) + *-ōną. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrebh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrebh">*gʰrebʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to dig, scrape, scratch’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grubilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grubilǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grubilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grubilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grubilōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grubilōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grubilōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grubilōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grubilōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grubilōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>grubilōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>grubilōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>grubilōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>grubilōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grubilōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>grubilōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>grubilōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>grubilōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grubilōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grubilōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grübelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>grübeln</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grubilōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*gruvilōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*gruvelen, *grüvelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gruveln</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grœfla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gruvla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>grufla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gruvla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grœfla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*grovelen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>grovel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grœfla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*grovelen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                      <orth>grovill</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grovel, grovle, gruvil</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grufla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gruvla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>grufla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gruvla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grufla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*grovelen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>grovel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grufla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*grovelen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                      <orth>grovill</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grovel, grovle, gruvil</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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