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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grunduz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grunduz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghrem" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰrem-</orth>
          <def>to sound, bellow, growl, roar, be angry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghrendh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰrendʰ-</orth>
          <def>to crush</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_pa_grindas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>pã-grindas</orth>
          <def>lake bottom, under-floorboard</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_grunduz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grunduz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grunduz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrun.duz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᚢᚾᛞᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>ground, foundation</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *gʰrm̥tús, a tu-stem derived from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrem"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrem">*gʰrem-</ref></mentioned> (‘floor, settlement’), whose relation to *gʰrem- in the sense of "to rumble", if any, is unclear. Kroonen connects Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (‘permanent building’), which would imply the root to be *ǵʰrem- ~ *ǵʰerm-. Less likely related to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_pa_grindas"><ref target="#cog_lit_pa_grindas">pã-grindas</ref></mentioned> (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”) (pace Orel), for which see Proto-Germanic *grindiz (‘fence made of bars’), Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrendh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrendh">*gʰrendʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘beam, plank’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>grumþuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>grumþiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>grumþų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>grumþunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>grundauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>grundiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>grundiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>grundumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>grundū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>grundumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>grumþu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>grumþiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>grunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gront</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>grond</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ground, grund, grounde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>grund, groond</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grund, groond, greund</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>greoune, greoun, greound</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ground, grund, grounde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ground</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Fiji Hindi</lang>
                          <orth>garaund</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Maltese</lang>
                          <orth>grawnd</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Gruund</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>grûn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>grund, grumf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Grund</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Grond</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גרונט (grunt)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                        <orth>grunt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Silesian</lang>
                          <orth>grōnt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                        <orth>grunt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>grunt, gront, grąt, gruńt, grońt</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Kashubian</lang>
                            <orth>gruńt, grëńt</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Russian</lang>
                        <orth>грунт (grunt)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                          <orth>грунт</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grundu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Grund</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*grundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*grundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>grunn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*grundr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grunder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>grund</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>grund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>grunn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grunder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>grund</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grunnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grunnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>grunnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>grunn, grunn’e, grønn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                    <orth>grunnd</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*grundus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (grunduwaddjus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
