<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grunnatjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grunnatjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghrem" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰrem-</orth>
          <def>to sound, bellow, growl, roar, be angry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_grunnio" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>grunniō</orth>
          <def>to grunt</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_grunnatjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grunnatjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grunnatjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrun.nɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᚢᚾᚨᛏᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to grunt</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *grunnōną + *-atjaną, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrem"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghrem">*gʰrem-</ref></mentioned> (‘to thunder’) or *gʰrun- (‘to shout’), both likely imitative of pigs; compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_grunnio"><ref target="#cog_lat_grunnio">grunniō</ref></mentioned> (‘to grunt’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grunnati</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grunnatjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grunnatjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grunnatjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grunnatjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grunnatjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grunnatjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grunnatjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grunnastǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grunnastēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grunnastēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grunnastēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grunnastē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grunnastēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>grunnastēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>grunnastēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>grunnastēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>grunnastēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grunnastēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grunnastēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grunnastēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grunnastēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grunnastēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grunnastēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>grunnatjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>grunnatidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>grunnatjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grunnattjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grunnettan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>grunten, gronte, gronten, grunt, grunte, grunton</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>grunt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grunt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grunnattjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grunnezzen, grunzen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grunsen, grünsen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grunnattjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grunnezzen, grunzen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grunzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>grunzen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>grunzen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
