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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grīpaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grīpaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghreyb" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰreyb-</orth>
          <def>to grab, grasp</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_gribet" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>gribêt</orth>
          <def>to wish, desire</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_griebti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>griẽbti</orth>
          <def>to seize</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gripana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grīpaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grīpaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣriː.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᛁᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to grab, grasp</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghreyb"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghreyb">*gʰreyb-</ref></mentioned> (‘to grab, grasp’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_griebti"><ref target="#cog_lit_griebti">griẽbti</ref></mentioned> (‘to seize’), graibýti (‘idem’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_gribet"><ref target="#cog_lav_gribet">gribêt</ref></mentioned> (‘to wish, desire’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grīpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grīpaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grīpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grīpizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grīpaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grīp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grīpazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grīpaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grīpidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grīpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grīpadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grīpadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grīpaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grīpōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grīpaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grīpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grīpaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grīpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grīpamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grīpaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grīpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grīpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grīpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grīpaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grīpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grīpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grīpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grīpandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grīpain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grīpandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grīpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grīpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>graip</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gripį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>graift</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gripīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>graip</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gripī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gripū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gripīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gripudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gripīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gripum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gripīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gripud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gripīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gripun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gripīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>grīpandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gripanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>grīpaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>grīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gripen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>griepe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>grīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gripen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>grijpen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>gryp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gripen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gripe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gripe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>*gripper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>French</lang>
                      <orth>gripper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>grippe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>grīpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gripe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>griepe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gripe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grīfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>grinfia</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grīfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grīfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>graifan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>greifen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>gräifen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grīfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>grifer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>griffer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>grīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grîpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>griepen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>jriepen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grípa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gribe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grípa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>grípa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>gripe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gripa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grípa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grīpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gripa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌽 (greipan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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