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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grīsaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grīsaz_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghreh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰreh₁-</orth>
          <def>to grow, become green</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_grisaz_2" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grīsaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grīsaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣriː.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᛁᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>grey</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>terrible; frightening</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown. Often related to *grēwaz, which would require a pre-form *greh₁-is-, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghreh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghreh1">*gʰreh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to grow; to become green’). This is highly speculative, however.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>grīsaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>grīsaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>grīsaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>grīsammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>grīsōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>grīsammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gallo-Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Catalan</lang>
                      <orth>gris</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Lombard</lang>
                      <orth>gris</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Piedmontese</lang>
                      <orth>gris</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gallo-Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Ligurian</lang>
                      <orth>grîxo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Corsican</lang>
                        <orth>grisgiu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Italian</lang>
                        <orth>grigio</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gallo-Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>gris, grise</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                        <orth>grīseus</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>gris, grys</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norman</lang>
                        <orth>gris</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Walloon</lang>
                        <orth>gris, grise</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gallo-Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>gris, grise</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>gris</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>gris</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gallo-Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>gris, grise</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>grisel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle English</lang>
                          <orth>grisel, griselle, gresel</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>grizzle</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gallo-Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>gris</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Galician</lang>
                        <orth>gris</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Occitan</lang>
                        <orth>gris</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Spanish</lang>
                        <orth>gris</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gallo-Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Venetan</lang>
                      <orth>grixo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Greek</lang>
                        <orth>γκρίζος (gkrízos)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*grīs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>grise, grijs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>grijs</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>grys</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>grīs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gries</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>griis</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>grīs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grīs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>greis, jries</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>greis</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>grīs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grîs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>jriess</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grīs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>grīs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grîs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gries</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>gries</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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