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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grōaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grōaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghreh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʰreh₁-</orth>
          <def>to grow, become green</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_groana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grōaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grōaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᛟᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7e</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to green</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to grow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghreh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghreh1">*gʰreh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to become green, grow’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grōōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grōaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gegrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gegrōį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gegrōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gegrōīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gegrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gegrōī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gegrōū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gegrōīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gegrōudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gegrōīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gegrōum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gegrōīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gegrōud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gegrōīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gegrōun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gegrōīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>grōandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>grōanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>grōaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gruoien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>groeyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>gröjje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>gruoien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>groeyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>groeien</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>groei</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grōwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>growen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>grow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>grōwa, grōa, grōia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>growen, grojen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>groie, groaie</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>groeie</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gruoen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grüejen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*grōian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grôjen, grôen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>grojen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gróa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gro</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gróa, grógva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gróa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>gro</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gróa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grōa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gro</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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