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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *grōtijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_grōtijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_grotijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grōtijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>grōtijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣrɔː.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚱᛟᛏᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to cause to weep; make cry</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to scold</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to address (an issue)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>to address (an individual); greet</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *grētaną + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōtīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōtī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōtīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōtijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grōtijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>grōtijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōtijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōtijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōtijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōtīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōtīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōtidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>grōtidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōtidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>grōtidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōtidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>grōtidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>grōtidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>grōtidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōtidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>grōtidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōtidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>grōtidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōtidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>grōtidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōtidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>grōtidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>grōtijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>grōtidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>grōtijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*gruoten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>groeten, gruten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>groeten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>groet</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>khrut</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>groet, gruet, groetnes</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>grētan, grœ̄tan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>greten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>greet</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>grete, greit</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>grēta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>gröitje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>groetsje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gruozen, gruozzen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>grüezen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>grüesse</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>griaßn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>grüazan, grüusan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>grüßen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>gréissen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>grōtian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>grö̂ten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gröten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*grōtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*grōtiāre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>grocier, grucier, groucier, grouchier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>grouchen, grucchen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>grouch, grutch, grudge, grouse</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>gruch, grutch, grunch</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grǿta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grøta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>græta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>grøta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grø̄ta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>grœta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>grøta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>græta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>grøta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>grø̄ta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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