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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gudą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gudą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_goveti" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>говѣти</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gověti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to revere</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_neuter_past_participle" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰutóm</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>neuter past participle</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_guda" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gudą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gudą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣu.ðɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚢᛞᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>god, deity</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_neuter_past_participle"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_neuter_past_participle">*ǵʰutóm</ref></mentioned> (neuter past participle), either meaning “(that which is) invoked”, from *ǵʰewH- (‘to call, to invoke’), or ‘libated, poured as part of a liquid offering’, from *ǵʰew- (‘to pour’), perhaps via the earlier meaning of ‘[libation made to an] idol’ or ‘spirit immanent in a burial mound’. However, the derivation from *ǵʰewH- would normally result in long ū, and the root *ǵʰew- only occurs in Germanic in the extended form *ǵʰewd-.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Another hypothesis is a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰutóm, connected to Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_goveti"><ref target="#cog_chu_goveti">говѣти</ref></mentioned> (gověti, ‘to revere’) (see Proto-Slavic *gověti). A non-Indo-European origin has also been proposed.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gudą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>gudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gudą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>gudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>gudas, gudis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>gudǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gudai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>gudamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>gudamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gudą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>gudō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>got</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>got</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>gód, Gód</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>got</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>got</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>god, God</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>god, God</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>god</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>god</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>god, God</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>god, God</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>God, gud, Gud</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>god</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>God</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>god, God</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>god</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Föhr-Amrum</lang>
                        <orth>God</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>got, cot</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>got</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Gott</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Gott</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>Göt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גאָט (got)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>got, cot</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>got</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                          <orth>Gott</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Mòcheno</lang>
                          <orth>Gott</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>got, cot</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>got</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Jott</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Gott</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Gott</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>got, cot</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>got</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                            <orth>Gott</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>got, cot</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>got</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>Gott</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*god</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>god</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>gad, god</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Gott</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Gott</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>goð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>Gud, gudur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gud, gu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>goð, guð, Guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gu, gud, Gu, Gud</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>goð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gud</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                      <orth>guuti</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>goð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>guþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>guð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>Gud, gudur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gud, gu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>goð, guð, Guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gu, gud, Gu, Gud</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>guð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gud</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                      <orth>guuti</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>guð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>guþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚴᚢᚦ (kuþ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>Gud, gudur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gud, gu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>goð, guð, Guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gu, gud, Gu, Gud</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚴᚢᚦ (kuþ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gud</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                      <orth>guuti</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚴᚢᚦ (kuþ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>guþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᚢᛞ (ɢuᴅ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>Gud, gudur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gud, gu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>goð, guð, Guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gu, gud, Gu, Gud</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᚢᛞ (ɢuᴅ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gud</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                      <orth>guuti</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᚢᛞ (ɢuᴅ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>guþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᚢᚦ (ɢuþ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>Gud, gudur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gud, gu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>goð, guð, Guð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gu, gud, Gu, Gud</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᚢᚦ (ɢuþ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gud</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                      <orth>guuti</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚷᚢᚦ (ɢuþ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>guþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌿𐌸 (guþ)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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