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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gulþą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gulþą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghelh3" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰelh₃-</orth>
          <def>green, yellow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gultha" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gulþą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gulþą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣul.θɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚢᛚᚦᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>gold</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰĺ̥h₃-to-m (‘gold’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghelh3"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghelh3">*ǵʰelh₃-</ref></mentioned> (‘green, yellow’). Compare Proto-Slavic *zolto, Proto-Baltic *želtas, whence Latvian zelts. Disputed relation to *geldaną (‘to pay’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>gulþą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>guldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>gulþą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>guldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>gulþas, gulþis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>guldǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>gulþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>guldamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>gulþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>guldamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>gulþą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>guldō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*golþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>golt, gold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gout</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>góldj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*golþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>golt, gold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gout</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>goud</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>goud</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>gautu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>gaut, goud, gout</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>gaut</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*golþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>golt, gold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>gout</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>goud</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>gowtu</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                            <orth>gautu</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>góútu</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Trió</lang>
                            <orth>koutu</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*golþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>gold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>gold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>gold, gowd, goath, gould</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>gooth, gowth, gowd, goold</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*golþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>gold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Gould</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>goud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*golþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gold, cold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>golt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Gold</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Goid, Golt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Gold</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Gold</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>גאָלד (gold)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*golþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>golt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Golt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*golþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>golt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Gold</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Goolt, Guld, Gold</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gull</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gull</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>guld</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                        <orth>kuulti</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>gull</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>gull</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gull, guld</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>goll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>goll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>guld</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                        <orth>kuulti</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>gull</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>goll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gull</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gull, guld</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸 (gulþ)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>goltz</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kulta</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*kollē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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