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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gumbōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gumbōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwhemb" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷʰemb-</orth>
          <def>to hop, jump</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_gumbona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gumbōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gumbōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣum.bɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᚢᛗᛒᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to cause to hop, skip, or bounce; to jolt, push, shove</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwhemb"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwhemb">*gʷʰemb-</ref></mentioned> (‘to hop, jump’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gumbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gumbǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gumbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gumbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gumbōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gumbōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gumbōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gumbōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gumbōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gumbōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>gumbōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>gumbōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>gumbōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>gumbōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gumbōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>gumbōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>gumbōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>gumbōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gumbōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*gumbian, *gumpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>jumpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>jump</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>jimp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gumbōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*gumbian, *gumpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>jumpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>jumbren, jumpren, jumbelen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>jumble</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>jummle</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gumbōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*gumbōn, *gumpōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gumpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>gumpe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gumpen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>jumpen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gumpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*gumbian, *gumpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>jumpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>jump</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>jimp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gumpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*gumbian, *gumpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>jumpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>jumbren, jumpren, jumbelen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>jumble</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>jummle</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gumpōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*gumbōn, *gumpōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gumpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>gumpe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gumpen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>jumpen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*gumpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gumpa, gúppa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>goppa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gopta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gumpa, guppa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*gumpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gumpe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gumpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*guppa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>gumpa, gúppa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>goppa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gopta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>gumpa, guppa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*guppa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>gumpe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>gumpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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