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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *gīnaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_gīnaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ginana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gīnaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>gīnaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɣiː.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚷᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to gape, yawn</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-, itself from *ǵʰeh₂- (‘to gape, yawn’). Could be related to *ginnaną (‘to make an opening, to cut open; to begin’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gīnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gīnaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gīnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gīnizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gīnaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gīnazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gīnaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gīnidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gīnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gīnadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gīnadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gīnaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gīnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>gīnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gīnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gīnaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>gīnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gīnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gīnaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>gīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gīnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gīnaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gīnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>gīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gīnandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gīnain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gīnandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>gīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>gain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ginį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>gaint</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ginīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>gain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ginī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>ginū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>ginīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>ginudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>ginīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ginum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ginīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ginud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ginīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ginun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ginīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>gīnandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>ginanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>gīnaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*gīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġīnan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>gīnan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚷᛁᚾᛡ (*ginᴀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gína</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>gina</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>gína</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>gina</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚷᛁᚾᛡ (*ginᴀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>gína</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>gina</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>gana, gina, ginna, ginnäs</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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