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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *habukaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_habukaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kap" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kap-</orth>
          <def>seize</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_habukaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/habukaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>habukaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑ.βu.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛒᚢᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hawk</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kap"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kap">*kap-</ref></mentioned> (‘seize’), but in view of Proto-Slavic *kobь̀cь, *kobъzъ (‘small bird of prey: falcon ~ sparrowhawk ~ merlin ~ buzzard’) apparently from a word along the lines of *kobʰuǵos. <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>, however, considers the sound correspondences between the words in different Indo-European branches to be too irregular and thus views it as a Wanderwort rather than a common PIE inheritance. Note also Latin capys, capus (‘bird of prey’) and Albanian gabonjë (‘eagle, griffon vulture, hawk’), themselves of unknown and likely substrate origin. If the Slavic cognate is a native formation, the Germanic may have been borrowed from it at an early stage prior to Grimm's law.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>habukaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>habukōz, habukōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>habuką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>habukanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>habukas, habukis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>habukǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>habukai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>habukamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>habukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>habukamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>habuk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>habukōz, habukōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*havuk, havek</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hāvec, hāvic</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>havik</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hawik</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hafuc, hafoc, heafoc, heafuc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hawk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hafuc, hafoc, heafoc, heafuc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hawk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>aka</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hafuc, hafoc, heafoc, heafuc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Irish</lang>
                      <orth>sebac</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Irish</lang>
                        <orth>seabhac</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Manx</lang>
                        <orth>shawk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                        <orth>seabhag</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>havek, hauk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hafk, häfk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Hauk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hauk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>habuch, habuh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>habech, habeh, habich, habch, hebech, hebich, hock</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Habicht</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swabian</lang>
                        <orth>Hack</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>habuch, habuh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>habech, habeh, habich, habch, hebech, hebich, hock</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Hawich</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>havuk, haƀuk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Polabian</lang>
                      <orth>ofkă</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>havuk, haƀuk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hāvek, hāvik</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Haavke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Haavk, Havik, Haav, Hoovk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haukr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ok</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>heykur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>haukur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haukr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hauk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hauk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haukr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>høk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>høg</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>høk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haukr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hø̄ker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hök</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*habukka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>haugas</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>haukka, havukka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Karelian</lang>
                    <orth>haukka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Veps</lang>
                    <orth>habuk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*habuk'as</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>haugas</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>haukka, havukka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Karelian</lang>
                    <orth>haukka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Veps</lang>
                    <orth>habuk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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