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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *haimaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_haimaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_koymos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱóymos</orth>
          <def>village, home</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kaimas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>kaimas</orth>
          <def>village, countryside</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ksema" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>क्षेम</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kṣéma</orth>
          </form>
          <def>basis, foundation; residing, resting, abiding at ease</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_haimaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haimaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>haimaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑi̯.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛁᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>home</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>house</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>village</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_koymos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_koymos">*ḱóymos</ref></mentioned> (‘village, home’), either from o-grade form of *ḱey- (‘to be lying down, to settle’) + *-mos (action/result noun forming suffix) (this derivation is preferred by Kroonen), or from *tḱóymos (‘settlement, dwelling’), from o-grade form of *tḱey- (‘to settle, dwell’) + *-mos (action/result noun forming suffix). If the second proposal is correct, cognate of Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ksema"><ref target="#cog_san_ksema">क्षेम</ref></mentioned> (kṣéma, ‘basis, foundation; residing, resting, abiding at ease’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kaimas"><ref target="#cog_lit_kaimas">kaimas</ref></mentioned> (‘village, countryside’) (though this could be a borrowing).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>haimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>haimōz, haimōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>haimą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>haimanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>haimas, haimis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>haimǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>haimai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>haimamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>haimō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>haimamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>haim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>haimōz, haimōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>ham</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hēm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hêem, heim</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>heim</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hēm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hêem, heim</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>heem, heim, -em, -hem, -gem</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>heim</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hām</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hom, hoom, home, hoome, whom, om, am, hame, heem, ham</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>home, -ham</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hame</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>hime, hyme, haime</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hām, hēm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hamm</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Heem</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hiem</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>heim, haim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>heim</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Haa, Hai, Ham, Häi</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Heim</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Heem</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>ham, hām, haom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>היים (heym)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hēm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hēm, heim</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Heem, Heim</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Heim</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>heimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>iem</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>heimur, heim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>heimur, heim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hem</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>heimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>heim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>heim</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>heimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hēm, hiem</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hjem</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hjem</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>heimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>haimr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>haim</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>heimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hēmber, hēm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hem</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>hima</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>iem</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>heimur, heim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>heimur, heim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hem</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>heim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>heim</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hēm, hiem</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hjem</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hjem</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>haimr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>haim</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hēmber, hēm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hem</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>hima</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hæimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>iem</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>heimur, heim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>heimur, heim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hem</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hæimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>heim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>heim</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hæimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hēm, hiem</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hjem</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hjem</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hæimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>haimr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>haim</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hæimr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hēmber, hēm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hem</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>hima</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 (haims)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Latin</lang>
                  <orth>Boiohaemum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>French</lang>
                    <orth>Bohême</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
