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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *haisaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_haisaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_haisaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haisaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>haisaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑi̯.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛁᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hoarse</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown. The forms in *-r- are difficult to explain; they may be from the addition of *-raz with metathesis (Kroonen, Orel) or conflation with *hairaz (Orel). Kroonen speculatively connects it with Albanian kirrem (‘to become hoarse’), for Proto-Indo-European *keys-, *kis-r-, but adds that the Germanic words may all derive from *hissōną (‘to hiss’), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Compare *hwistlōną (‘to whistle’) for a similar (but formally unrelated) onomatopoeic root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>haisaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>haisaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>haisaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>haisammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>haisōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>haisammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>hās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>hos, hose, hoos, hoose, hoce, hase, haase, hayse, hors, horse, hoorse</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>hoarse</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>hairse, hairsh, haise</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*hārs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>hos, hose, hoos, hoose, hoce, hase, haase, hayse, hors, horse, hoorse</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>hoarse</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>hairse, hairsh, haise</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*hās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>heas</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>hēs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hêes, heis, *hêers</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hêesc, hêesch, hêersch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hees</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hees</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>heis</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hêes, heis, *hêers</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hêesc, hêesch, hêersch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hees</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hees</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*hērs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hêes, heis, *hêers</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hêesc, hêesch, hêersch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hees</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hees</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>hēs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>hēes, heis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hēsch, heisch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>heesch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*heis</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>hēes, heis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hēsch, heisch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>heesch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>heis</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>heis, heiser, heisch, heischer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>heiser, heisch</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>hees</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>heis</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>heisi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>heise</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>heisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>heis, heiser, heisch, heischer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>heiser, heisch</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>hees</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>heisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>heisi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>heise</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>háss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>įes</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hásur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hás</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>hás</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>háss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hes, hås</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>hås</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>háss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hees</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hæs</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>háss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hes</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hes</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>heiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>įes</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hásur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hás</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>hás</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>heiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hes, hås</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>hås</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>heiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hees</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hæs</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>heiss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hes</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hes</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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