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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *halbaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_halbaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_salis" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>šali̇̀s</orth>
          <def>side, strip of land</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_klp" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>कॢप्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kḷp</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to manage, succeed, be fit</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kelh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kelH-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_halbaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halbaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>halbaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑl.βɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛚᛒᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>half</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Apparently from a pre-Germanic *kolp-ó-s, of unclear further origin. Possibly from a p-extension of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kelh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kelh">*(s)kelH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut’) (through a sense “divided”), and cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_klp"><ref target="#cog_san_klp">कॢप्</ref></mentioned> (kḷp, ‘to manage, succeed, be fit’) (though Kroonen is skeptical due to the wide semantic gap), or from a stem *ḱol-bʰo-, and cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_salis"><ref target="#cog_lit_salis">šali̇̀s</ref></mentioned> (‘side, strip of land’). Alternatively, a recent theory suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *halpa, *halba- (‘cheap, reduced’) (compare Finnish halpa (‘cheap’), Estonian halb (‘bad’)), itself possibly from Proto-Germanic *salwaz (‘sallow, dirty’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>halbaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>halbaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>halbaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>halbammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>halbōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>halbammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*halb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>half</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>half</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>half</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>half</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*halb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>healf, half, halb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>half</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>half</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hauf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>halleef, halef, halluf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*halb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>half</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hoolf</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>heal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*halb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>halb, halp, half</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>halp, half</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>hoib</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>hallev</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>halp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>halb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>האַלב (halb)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*halb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>half</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>half</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>half, halv</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>haulf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>halfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>åv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hálvur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>halvar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hálfur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>halv, halv’u, hålv’e, håv’e, alv’e</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>halfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>half</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>halver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>halfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>half</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>halv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>halv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>halfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>halve</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>halv</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hálfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>åv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hálvur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>halvar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hálfur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>halv, halv’u, hålv’e, håv’e, alv’e</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hálfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>half</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>halver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hálfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>half</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>halv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>halv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hálfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>halve</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>halv</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍃 (halbs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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