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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *haldaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_haldaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kel" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱel-</orth>
          <def>to hide, conceal</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kelh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kelH-</orth>
          <def>to rise</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_haldana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haldaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>haldaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑl.dɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛚᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7c</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to hold, to keep</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kel"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kel">*ḱel-</ref></mentioned> (‘to hide, conceal’). Other theories connect the word to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kelh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kelh">*kelH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to rise’), *kel- (‘to drive’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>haldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>haldaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>haldai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>haldizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>haldaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hald</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>haldazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>haldaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>haldidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>haldai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>haldadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>haldadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>haldaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>haldōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>haldaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>haldadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>haldaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>haldadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>haldamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>haldaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>haldandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>haldaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>haldid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>haldaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>haldid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>haldandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>haldaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>haldandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>haldain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>haldandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>haldandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>haldaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hehald</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hehaldį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hehalst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hehaldīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hehald</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hehaldī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hehaldū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hehaldīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hehaldudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hehaldīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hehaldum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hehaldīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hehaldud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hehaldīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hehaldun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hehaldīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>haldandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>haldanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>haldaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>haldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>houden, halden, holden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>haaje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>haldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>houden, halden, holden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>houden, houwen, houen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hou</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Antillean Creole</lang>
                          <orth>béc aou</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>hau</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>hou, how</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>how, ow</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>healdan, haldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>holden, halden, halde, halt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hold</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>ha'd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hald, hauld, haud, had</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>houle</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>halda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hoolde</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hâlde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>haltan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>halten, halden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>hoiten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>haltan, haltn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>halten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>halen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>האַלטן (haltn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haldan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>haldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>halden, hōlden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>hallen, halden, holen, holden, hollen, hooln</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>hoolen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>halda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>halda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>halda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>halda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>halda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>halda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>holde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>holde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>halda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>halda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>halde, alde, hald', halda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>halda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>halda, holda, halla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hålla, hall</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (haldan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*haldit'ak</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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