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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *halsaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_halsaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kolsos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kólsos</orth>
          <def>neck</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_collum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>collum</orth>
          <def>neck</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_halsaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halsaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>halsaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑl.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛚᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>neck, throat</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kolsos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kolsos">*kólsos</ref></mentioned> (‘neck’), and cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_collum"><ref target="#cog_lat_collum">collum</ref></mentioned> (‘neck’). The formation is traditionally further derived from the root *kʷel- (‘to turn’), though the loss of the labial *kʷ- &gt; *k- is irregular.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>halsaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>halsōz, halsōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>halsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>halsanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>halsas, halsis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>halsǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>halsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>halsamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>halsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>halsamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hals</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>halsōz, halsōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hals</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hals</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hals</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hals</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hals</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>heals</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hals</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>halse, hawse</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hause</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hals</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hals</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Hoals</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hals</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hals</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hals</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hals</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>hals, haltz</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Hals</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Hals</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>האַלדז (haldz)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hals</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hals</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hals</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Hals</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Hauls</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hals</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hálsur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>hals</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>háls</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hals, håls, hwåls</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hals, håls’e, hås</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hals</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hals</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hals</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hals</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hals</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hals</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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