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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hamalaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hamalaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sama_x2" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>शम</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>śáma</orth>
          </form>
          <def>hornless</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_komol" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*komolъ</orth>
          <def>hornless</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hamalaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hamalaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hamalaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑ.mɑ.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛗᚨᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>mutilated, truncated</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-olo-s, from *ḱem- (‘hornless’). Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sama_x2"><ref target="#cog_san_sama_x2">शम</ref></mentioned> (śáma, ‘hornless’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_komol"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_komol">*komolъ</ref></mentioned> (‘hornless’) (&gt; Russian комо́лый (komólyj)).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamalaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamalaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamalaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamalô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamalô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamalaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamalōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamalanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamalô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamalanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamalōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamaliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamaliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamalanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamalanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamalini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamalini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamalammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamalammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamalinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamalinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamalammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamalōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamalammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*hamal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hamel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hamel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>hamel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>hamal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>hamel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Hammel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hamall</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>fylkja hamalt</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*āmēlē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kamala</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>kamala</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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