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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hamfaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hamfaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kampe" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>καμπή</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kampḗ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>bend</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kampto" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κάμπτω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kámptō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to bend, bow, curve</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kampas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>kam̃pas</orth>
          <def>corner</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hamfaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hamfaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hamfaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑm.ɸɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛗᚠᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>maimed, lame</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly, via an earlier sense “bent (out of shape), crooked”, from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning “to bend, curve”, but the reconstruction is disputed:</seg>
            <seg type="p">In either case, considered cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kampas"><ref target="#cog_lit_kampas">kam̃pas</ref></mentioned> (‘corner’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kampto"><ref target="#cog_grc_kampto">κάμπτω</ref></mentioned> (kámptō, ‘to bend, bow, curve’) and Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kampe"><ref target="#cog_grc_kampe">καμπή</ref></mentioned> (kampḗ, ‘bend’). Derksen, maintaining the former etymology, supposes the u-vocalism of Lithuanian kum̃p- is secondary.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hamfaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hamfaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hamfaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hamfammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hamfōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hamfammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hamf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hamf</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hāf</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌰𐌼𐍆𐍃 (hamfs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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