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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *handuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_handuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_komt_kmtes" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱómt ~ *ḱm̥tés</orth>
          <def>hand</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_handuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/handuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>handuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑn.duz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚾᛞᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hand</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Conjectured to be from pre-Germanic *(k/ḱ)ontús, related to and possibly derived from the strong verb *hinþaną (‘to reach for, obtain’). Alternatively, it has been suggested to derive from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_komt_kmtes"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_komt_kmtes">*ḱómt ~ *ḱm̥tés</ref></mentioned> (‘hand’), assuming this is also the source of *déḱm̥. Finally, it is often considered of non-Indo-European origin.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>handuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>handiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>handų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>handunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>handauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>handiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>handiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>handumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>handū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>handumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>handu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>handiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*handu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hant</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>handj</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Zealandic</lang>
                        <orth>and</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*handu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hand, hond</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hond, hand</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hand, haund</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>hoane</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*handu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hond, hand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Hounde</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hân</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*handu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hond, hand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Föhr-Amrum</lang>
                        <orth>hun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hallig</lang>
                        <orth>höön</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Heligoland</lang>
                        <orth>Hun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Mooring</lang>
                        <orth>hönj</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>North Goesharde</lang>
                        <orth>houn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*handu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hant</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Hånd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Hand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Hand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Hand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>haond</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>האַנט (hant)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*handu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Hand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Haunt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫnd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>and</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hond</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>hand</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hönd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hanjd</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫnd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hand, hond, hainn, hæinn, hònd, hønd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hand</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫnd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>haand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hånd</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hånd</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫnd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hand</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>and</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hond</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>hand</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hönd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hanjd</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hand, hond, hainn, hæinn, hònd, hønd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hand</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>haand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hånd</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hånd</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hand</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (handus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>handa</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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