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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hangistaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hangistaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_caseg" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>caseg</orth>
          <def>mare</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_sankus" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>šankùs</orth>
          <def>nimble</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hangistaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hangistaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hangistaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑŋ.ɡis.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚾᚷᛁᛊᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>horse, stallion</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *ḱanḱestos, *kankestos (‘horse’), with further analysis rather uncertain; the word appears to trace back further to a root *ḱenk- (‘to gallop, move agilely’), though the morphology is not exactly clear, and may be cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_sankus"><ref target="#cog_lit_sankus">šankùs</ref></mentioned> (‘nimble’), as well as Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_caseg"><ref target="#cog_cym_caseg">caseg</ref></mentioned> (‘mare’) and Persian خنگ (xeng, ‘gray horse’). Compare also *hanhaz (‘heel’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hangistaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hangistōz, hangistōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hangistą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hangistanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hangistas, hangistis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hangistǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hangistai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hangistamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hangistō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hangistamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hangist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hangistōz, hangistōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hangist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hengist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hengest, hinxt, henxt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hengst</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hings</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hangist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hengest, hengst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>henxman, henxtman, henshman</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hensman, henceman</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hangist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hengest, hengst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>henxman, henxtman, henshman</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>henchman</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>hanchman</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hangist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hingst</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Houngst, Hoangst</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hangist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hynst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>hynder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hangist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hengist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hengest, hengst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Hengscht</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Hengst</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Hengscht</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hangist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hengist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>hingst</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Hingst</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Lower Sorbian</lang>
                        <orth>hengist</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>hingst</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hangist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hengist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>hingist</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>hingst</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hestr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>est</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>hestur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>häst</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>hestur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norn</lang>
                      <orth>hest</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>hest, hesten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hestr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>hester</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>hest, hest’e, heist</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hestr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hæst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scanian</lang>
                        <orth>hæst</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hestr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hæst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>hest</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                          <orth>hiisti, hesti</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>hest</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hestr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hæster</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>häst</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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