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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hanhaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hanhaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kinka" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>ki̇̀nka</orth>
          <def>haunch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_kankala" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>कङ्काल</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kaṅkāla</orth>
          </form>
          <def>skeleton</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hanhaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hanhaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hanhaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑ̃ː.xɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚾᚺᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>heel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *kenk-, *kemǝk- (‘joint, legbone’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kinka"><ref target="#cog_lit_kinka">ki̇̀nka</ref></mentioned> (‘haunch’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_kankala"><ref target="#cog_san_kankala">कङ्काल</ref></mentioned> (kaṅkāla, ‘skeleton’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hanhaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hanhōz, hanhōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hanhą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hanhanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hanhas, hanhis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hanhǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hanhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hanhamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hanhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hanhamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hanh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hanhōz, hanhōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hą̄h</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hōh, hō, hōg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hough, ho, hoche, hogh, hoȝ, hokke, hoo, houȝ, houe, howe, howghe, howh</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hough, hoff, hock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hoch, houch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>há</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>há</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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