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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hansō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hansō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kom" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱóm</orth>
          <def>with, near, by, along</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_komsod" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱómsōd</orth>
          <def>union, gathering</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sed" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sed-</orth>
          <def>to sit</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_consilium" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>consilium</orth>
          <def>council, advisory body</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_ken" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)ken-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hanso" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hansō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hansō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑn.sɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚾᛊᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>A gathering, summation, mass, quantity, amount</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>A coalition, crowd, multitude, troop</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_komsod"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_komsod">*ḱómsōd</ref></mentioned> (‘union, gathering’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kom"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kom">*ḱóm</ref></mentioned> (‘beside, by, with, along’) + Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sed"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sed">*sed-</ref></mentioned> (‘to sit’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_consilium"><ref target="#cog_lat_consilium">consilium</ref></mentioned> (‘council, advisory body’); &lt; *consodium, Russian сосе́д (soséd, ‘neighbour’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Alternative etymology suggests possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ken"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ken">*(s)ken-</ref></mentioned>, *(s)kend- (‘to split off, secede’). If so, then related to *skinþą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hansō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hansôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hansǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hansōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hansōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hansǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hansōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hansōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hansō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hansōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hansō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hansôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hansu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hōs</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hansu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*hansa, *hensa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hanse, hense</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hanze</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hansu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hansa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hanse, hans</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Hanse</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>Hanse</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hansu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hansa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>hanse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>hanse</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>hanse</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hansu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hansa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>hanse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>hanse, hanze</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>hanse</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hansu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hansa, *hensa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Latin</lang>
                      <orth>hansa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>Hanse, Hansa</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>Hanse</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hansu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hansa, *hensa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Latin</lang>
                      <orth>hansa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old English</lang>
                        <orth>*hanse, *hans</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old English</lang>
                          <orth>*hanshūs</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                            <orth>hanshus</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hansu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hansa, *hensa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hanse, hense, hensich</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>hensoch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 (hansa)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*kuossē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kansa</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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