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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hardijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hardijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hardijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hardijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hardijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑr.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᛞᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to make hard, strong; to harden</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *harduz (‘hard, severe’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hardijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hardijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hardijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hardīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hardijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hardī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hardijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hardijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hardīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hardijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hardijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hardijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hardijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hardijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hardijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hardijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hardijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hardijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hardijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hardijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hardijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hardijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hardīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hardijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hardīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hardijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hardijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hardijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hardijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hardijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hardijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hardijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hardidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hardidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hardidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hardidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hardidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hardidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hardidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hardidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hardidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hardidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hardidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hardidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hardidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hardidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hardidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hardidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hardijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hardidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hardijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hardijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>herda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hardijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*herden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>herden, harden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>harden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hard</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hardijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hierdan, herdan, hyrdan, hirdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>herden, harden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hard</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hardijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>hardir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>hardy</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>French</lang>
                      <orth>hardi</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hardijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>herten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>herten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>härten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>herða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>herða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?, herda, herde</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>herða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hærthæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hærde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>herða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hærþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>härda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*hardjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gahardjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kärcidäk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*kiertëtēk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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