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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *harjaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_harjaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_koiranos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κοίρανος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>koíranos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>ruler, commander, military leader</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_koryos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kóryos</orth>
          <def>war, troops</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_cuire" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>cuire</orth>
          <def>troop, host, company; muster</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_harjaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harjaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>harjaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑr.jɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>army</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>army leader; commander; warrior</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_koryos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_koryos">*kóryos</ref></mentioned> (‘war, troops’), from *ker- (‘army’). Cognate with Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_cuire"><ref target="#cog_sga_cuire">cuire</ref></mentioned> (‘troop, host, company; muster’), Lithuanian kãras, kãrias (‘war’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_koiranos"><ref target="#cog_grc_koiranos">κοίρανος</ref></mentioned> (koíranos, ‘ruler, commander, military leader’), Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (k-a-r /⁠kāra⁠/, ‘people of war, army’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Possibly attested as a vocative or combining form hari on Negau B, a helmet dated to 450–350 BCE (although the inscription may have been added much later with a terminus ante quem of 50 BCE, when the hoard was buried). First attested with certainty as runic harja (2nd century, Vimose), although the latter inscription may be considered to postdate Proto-Germanic.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>harjaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>harjōz, harjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>harją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>harjanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>harjas, haris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>harjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>harjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>harjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>harjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>harjamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hari</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>harjōz, harjōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>heri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>here</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>heer, heir</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>heer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>here</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>here</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>here, heir, heyr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>here, hire</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Heer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hear</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>heri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>here, her</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Heer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>heri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hēre, hēr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Her</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*harjaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>herr, -arr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>herur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>her</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>her</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*harjaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>herr, -arr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hær</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>hær</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*harjaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>herr, -arr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>här</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ (harja)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>herr, -arr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>herur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>her</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>her</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ (harja)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>herr, -arr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hær</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>hær</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ (harja)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>herr, -arr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>här</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>herr, -arr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>herur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>her</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>her</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>herr, -arr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hær</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>hær</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>herr, -arr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>här</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>East Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (harjis)</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vandalic</lang>
                    <orth>*haris</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*karja</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
