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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *harmaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_harmaz_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_fsar_ma" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>fšarəma</orth>
          </form>
          <def>sense of shame</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_pkor_mo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pḱór-mo-s</orth>
          <def>shame, grief, torment, pain</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_sorm" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*sormъ</orth>
          <def>shame</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_harmaz_1" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harmaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>harmaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑr.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>harm; shame; pain; injury</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_pkor_mo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_pkor_mo_s">*pḱór-mo-s</ref></mentioned> (‘shame, grief, torment, pain’), from *pḱer- (‘to have shame, distress over’). Cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_sorm"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_sorm">*sormъ</ref></mentioned> (‘shame’), Persian شرم (šarm, ‘shame’), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_fsar_ma"><ref target="#cog_ave_fsar_ma">𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀</ref></mentioned> (fšarəma, ‘sense of shame’). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>harmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>harmōz, harmōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>harmą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>harmanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>harmas, harmis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>harmǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>harmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>harmamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>harmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>harmamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>harm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>harmōz, harmōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*harm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>herm</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*harm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>harm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>harm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>harm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*harm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hearm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>harm, harem, arme, herme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>harm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>herm, hairm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>harrm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*harm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>harm, haram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>harm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Harm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*harm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>harm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>harm, herm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>harmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>harme</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>harmligur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>harmur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>harme</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>harm</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>harmr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>harmber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>harm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>harmi</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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