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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *haspijǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_haspijǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kamb" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kamb-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_haspijo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haspijǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>haspijǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑs.pi.jɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛊᛈᛁᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>clasp; hasp</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>reel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of unknown origin. Has been derived from a hypothetical earlier *hapsijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kamb"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kamb">*(s)kamb-</ref></mentioned> (‘crooked; bent’), for which see *kh₂em- (‘to bend, curve’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>haspijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>haspijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>haspijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>haspijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>haspijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>haspijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>haspijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>haspijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>haspijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>haspijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>haspijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>haspijōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haspijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*haspa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>haspe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hasp, haps</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haspijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hæpse, hæsp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>haspe, hespe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hesp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haspijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hæpse, hæsp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>haspe, hespe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hasp</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Irish</lang>
                          <orth>haspa</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haspijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*hespe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Häspe, Häsp</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haspijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*haspa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>haspe, hespe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Haspe, Häspe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haspijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*haspia, *hespia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>haspe, hespe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>hasp, hæspe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>hespe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>hasp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hespa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hespa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hespa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌷𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌰 (*haspa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*haspa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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