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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hattuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hattuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kadh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kadʰ-</orth>
          <def>to guard, cover, protect, care for</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_itc-x-proto_katelos" xml:lang="itc-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*katelos</orth>
          <def>young animal</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_cassis" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>cassis</orth>
          <def>helmet</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_kos" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*kòšь</orth>
          <def>basket</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hattuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hattuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hattuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑt.tuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᛏᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hat</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of unclear origin.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰnú-, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kadh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kadh">*kadʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to guard, cover, protect, care for’), and compared with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_cassis"><ref target="#cog_lat_cassis">cassis</ref></mentioned> (‘helmet’), as well as possibly Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_kos"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_kos">*kòšь</ref></mentioned> (‘basket’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">However, Kroonen notes that the term looks like a derivative from the accusative plural, *hattuns, of an unattested n-stem noun *haþō, and reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European form as *kHt-nú- instead. He deduces a possible relation to Old High German hadara (‘patch, goat skin’) and Old Norse haðna (‘young goat’), and links these terms to Proto-Italic <mentioned xml:lang="itc-x-proto" target="#cog_itc-x-proto_katelos"><ref target="#cog_itc-x-proto_katelos">*katelos</ref></mentioned> (‘young animal’); see there for more.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hattuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hattiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hattų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hattunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hattauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hattiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hattiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hattumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hattū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hattumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hattu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hattiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hattu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hætt, hæt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Welsh</lang>
                      <orth>het</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hattu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hætt, hæt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hatt, hatte, hat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hat</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Irish</lang>
                        <orth>hata</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hat, hatt, hate, hait</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hattu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hatt, hat</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫttr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>høttur, hattur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>höttur, hattur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>hatt</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hatt</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫttr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hat</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫttr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hatter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hatt</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hattr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>høttur, hattur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>höttur, hattur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>hatt</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hatt</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hattr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hat</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hattr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hatter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hatt</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*hattu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>hattu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Ingrian</lang>
                    <orth>hattu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Karelian</lang>
                    <orth>hattu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Livvi</lang>
                    <orth>hattu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Ludian</lang>
                    <orth>hatt</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Votic</lang>
                    <orth>hattu</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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