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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *haubudą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_haubudą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_haubuda" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haubudą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>haubudą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑu̯.βu.ðɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚢᛒᚢᛞᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>head</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *hafud, from Proto-Indo-European *káput. Cognate with Latin caput.</seg>
            <seg type="p">The original form in Germanic was *habudą, which has been retained in most North Germanic dialects, whereas some North Germanic dialects along with the West Germanic languages and Gothic have forms that go back to *haubudą or *haubidą. The diphthong may be due to metathesis, if one reconstructs the original paradigm nominative *hafuþ ~ genitive *habweþaz.</seg>
            <seg type="p">The same root but with an alternate ending also appears in Germanic: *habulô (e.g. Old English hafola (‘head’)). The presence of initial *-a- in both *habudą and *habulô remains unexplained.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>haubudą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>haubudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>haubudą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>haubudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>haubudas, haubudis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>haubudǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>haubudai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>haubudamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>haubudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>haubudamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>haubudą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>haubudō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haubud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hēafod</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>heed</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>heid</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>heade, haade, hade</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haubud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hēafod</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>heed</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>head, heed, hed, 'ead, heead</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Japanese</lang>
                          <orth>ヘッド (heddo)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haubud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hēafod</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>heed</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>head, heed, hed, 'ead, heead</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>ede</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Aukan</lang>
                            <orth>ede</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>hédi</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haubud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hāved, hāud, hāfd, hād</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hood, Haur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Haud</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>haad</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>haufuð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>haufuð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hauv, haue, haud</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>hoef</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*haubid</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*hafud</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫfuð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ovuð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>English</lang>
                    <orth>Howth</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>høvd, høvur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>höfuð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>huvu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>heved</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫfuð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>hovud, huvud, hugud, hue, haud</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hue</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫfuð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hofuþ, houæth, huwæth, howæth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>huweð</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫfuð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>hafuþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>häud, håvud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hǫfuð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hovuþ, huwuþ, hoffuidh, hwffuit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>huvud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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