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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hawją</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hawją</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hawja" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hawją">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hawją</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑw.jɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚹᛃᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hay</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">According to Kroonen, from a ja-collective form of *hawwaną (‘to hew; cut down’) (with quasi-Indo-European form *koh₂w-yo-m).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hawją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hawjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hawją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hawjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hawjas, hawis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hawjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hawjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hawjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hawjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hawjamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hawją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hawjō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hawi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>houwi, houwe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>houwe, hoj, hoy</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>heuj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hawi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>houwi, houwe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>houwe, hoj, hoy</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hooi</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hooi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>hôi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>hoi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hawi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hīeġ, hīġ, hēġ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hey, heyȝ, heygh, hay, ay, heyn, hayn, hei, heiȝ, heigh, hai, hain</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hay</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hey</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>hye</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hawi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hā, hē</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hau</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Ho</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hea</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hawi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hewi, houwi, hou</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>höuwe, houwe, höu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Heuw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Heu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Hei</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Hee</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>היי (hey)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hawi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hewi, houwi, hou</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>höuwe, houwe, höu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>höuwet</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                          <orth>Heiet</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Heuet</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hawi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hōi, hōgi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>höü, hoy, hey, hou</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Hau</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hey</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hø</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hoyggj</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>hoy</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hey</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?, høy</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hey</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hø̄</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hö, hej, hy</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌹 (hawi)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*āvjē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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