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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hawwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hawwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kewh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kewh₂-</orth>
          <def>to cut, hew</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hawwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hawwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hawwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxɑw.wɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚨᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7b</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to hew, to chop</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to forge</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kewh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kewh2">*kewh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to beat, hew, forge’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hawwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hawwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hawwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hawwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hawwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>haww</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hawwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hawwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hawwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hawwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hawwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hawwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hawwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hawwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hawwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hawwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hawwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hawwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hawwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hawwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hawwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hawwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hawwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hawwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hawwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hawwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hawwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hawwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hawwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hawwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hawwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hawwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hehau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hehawwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hehaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hehawwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hehau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hehawwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hehawwū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hehawwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hehawwudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hehawwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hehawwum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hehawwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hehawwud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hehawwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hehawwun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hehawwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hawwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hawwanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hawwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hauwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>houwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>houwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>houwe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hauwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>houwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>houwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>houwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hauwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hēawan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hewen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hew</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hew, hewe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hauwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hāwa, hauwa, hōwa, houwa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hauen, houwen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>haue</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>houwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hauwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>houwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>houwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>hauan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>hauen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>haen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hauwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hauwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>houwen, howen, hauwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>hauen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚨᚷᚹᚨᚾ (*hagwan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hǫggva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>ogga</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>høgga</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>hagge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>höggva</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                      <orth>hǫgge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚨᚷᚹᚨᚾ (*hagwan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hǫggva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>hogga</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hogge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚨᚷᚹᚨᚾ (*hagwan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hǫggva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>huggæ, hoggæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scanian</lang>
                        <orth>hogga</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚨᚷᚹᚨᚾ (*hagwan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hǫggva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>huggæ, hoggæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>hugge</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>hugge</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚨᚷᚹᚨᚾ (*hagwan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hǫggva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hugga, hogga</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>hugga</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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