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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *helaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_helaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_celo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>cēlō</orth>
          <def>hide, cover, conceal</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_helana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>helaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxe.lɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛖᛚᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to hide, to conceal</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *ḱéleti, from *ḱel- (‘to cover’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_celo"><ref target="#cog_lat_celo">cēlō</ref></mentioned> (‘hide, cover, conceal’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>helō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>helaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>helai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hilizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>helaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hel</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>helazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>helaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hilidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>helai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>heladau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>heladai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>helaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>helōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>helaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>heladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>helaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>heladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>helamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>helaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>helandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>helaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hilid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>helaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hilid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>helandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>helaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hēlį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>halt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hēlīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hēlī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hēlū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hēlīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hēludiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hēlīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hēlum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hēlīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hēlud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hēlīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hēlun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hēlīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>helandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hulanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>helaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>helan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*helan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hēlen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>helen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>helan, hœ̄lan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>helen, helien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hele, heel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>heil</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hela</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hele</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>helan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>heln</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>hehlen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>häla, hälare</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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