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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hellaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hellaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kelh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kelh₁-</orth>
          <def>to call, make noise</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_clarus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>clārus</orth>
          <def>loud, clear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hellana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hellaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hellaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxel.lɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛖᛚᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to resound, make a sound</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A verbal formation from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kelh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kelh1">*kelh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to call, make noise’). The semantic shift from "make noise" &gt; "loud" &gt; "clear, bright" in the High German descendants parallels that of Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_clarus"><ref target="#cog_lat_clarus">clārus</ref></mentioned> (‘loud, clear’), from the same root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hellō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hellaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hellai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hillizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hellaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hell</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hellazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hellaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hillidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hellai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>helladau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>helladai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hellaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hellōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hellaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>helladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hellaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>helladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hellamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hellaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hellandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hellaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hillid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hellaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hillid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hellandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hellaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hellandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hellain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hellandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hellandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hellaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hall</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hullį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hallt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hullīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hall</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hullī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hullū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hullīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hulludiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hullīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hullum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hullīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hullud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hullīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hullun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hullīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hellandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hullanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hellaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*hiellan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>hieldon</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*hellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hellen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>hellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>hellen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>hellen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>העלן (heln)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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