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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *helpaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_helpaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_gelbeti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>gélbėti</orth>
          <def>to help</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_selpti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>šel̃pti</orth>
          <def>to help, support</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_helpana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helpaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>helpaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxel.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛖᛚᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to help</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Appears to derive from a Proto-Indo-European *ḱelb-, *ḱelp- (‘to help’), with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_selpti"><ref target="#cog_lit_selpti">šel̃pti</ref></mentioned> (‘to help, support’) as a cognate; however, there are subtle phono-grammatical issues (for which see Kroonen for more), in addition to the seemingly-related Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_gelbeti"><ref target="#cog_lit_gelbeti">gélbėti</ref></mentioned> (‘to help’) being phonetically irreconcilable with regular sound laws.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>helpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>helpaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>helpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hilpizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>helpaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>help</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>helpazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>helpaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hilpidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>helpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>helpadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>helpadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>helpaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>helpōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>helpaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>helpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>helpaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>helpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>helpamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>helpaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>helpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>helpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hilpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>helpaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hilpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>helpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>helpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helpandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helpain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helpandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>helpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>halp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hulpį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>halft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hulpīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>halp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hulpī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hulpū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hulpīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hulpudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hulpīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hulpum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hulpīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hulpud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hulpīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hulpun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hulpīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>helpandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hulpanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>helpaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>helpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>helpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>hèlpe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>helpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>helpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>helpen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>help</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>helpu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>hèlep, ngèlep</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>helpen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>hälpe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>help</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>halp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>helpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>helpen, help, elp, helpi, healpe, heolpe, halpen, hælpan</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>help</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>help</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>help</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>helpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hälpe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>helpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hëlfan, hëlpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hëlfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>hellepe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>hölfan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>helfen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>hëllefen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>העלפֿן (helfn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*helpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>helpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>helpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>helpen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>helpen, hölpen, hülpen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hjalpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hjálpa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hjálpa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>hjelpe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hjelpa, hjalpa, hjålpa, hjølpa, hjòlpa, helpa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hjalpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hiælpæ, hialpæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hjælpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hjalpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hiælpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hjälpa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌽 (hilpan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*këlbat'ak</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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