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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *herutaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_herutaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_carw" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>carw</orth>
          <def>hart, stag</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kerh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱerh₂-</orth>
          <def>horn</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_cervus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>cervus</orth>
          <def>deer, stag</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_karve" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>karvė</orth>
          <def>cow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_herutaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/herutaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>herutaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxe.ru.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛖᚱᚢᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hart, stag</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kerh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kerh2">*ḱerh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘horn’) + *-utaz. Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_karve"><ref target="#cog_lit_karve">karvė</ref></mentioned> (‘cow’), Russian коро́ва (koróva, ‘cow, neat’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_cervus"><ref target="#cog_lat_cervus">cervus</ref></mentioned> (‘deer, stag’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_carw"><ref target="#cog_cym_carw">carw</ref></mentioned> (‘hart, stag’). Alternatively, from an irregular development of *ḱérh₂tos, with PIE *-H- &gt; PGmc *-u- in non-initial syllables, cf. Old High German anut (‘duck’) &lt; PGmc *anud- &lt; Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂t-. The latter may be likelier as *-utaz is unknown as an affix in PGmc. Regardless, both derivations stem from the same root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>herutaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>herutōz, herutōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>herutą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>herutanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>herutas, herutis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>herutǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>herutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>herutamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>herutō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>herutamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>herut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>herutōz, herutōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*herut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hirut</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hert, hēert</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>hèrtj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*herut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hirut</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hert, hēert</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hert, hart</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hert</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*herut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>heorot, heorut, heort</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hart</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hert</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*herut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hert</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Hart</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hart</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*herut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hiruz, hirz</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hirz</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Hierz</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>הירש (hirsh)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*herut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hiruz, hirz</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hirz</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Hirsch</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Hirsch</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>hirsk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                          <orth>Hersch</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>Hirsk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*herut</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hirut, hirot</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>herte, harte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Hartbuck</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hjǫrtr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hjort</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hjørtur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>hjort</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hjörtur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>hjort</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hjǫrtr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hiorter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hjort</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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