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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *heufaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_heufaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kew" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kew-</orth>
          <def>to howl, scream</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_saukiu_and_saukti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>šaukiù and šaũkti</orth>
          <def>shout, yell, cry</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_heufana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/heufaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>heufaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxeu̯.ɸɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛖᚢᚠᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to lament, grieve, wail</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kew"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kew">*kew-</ref></mentioned> (‘to howl, scream’). Possibly related to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_saukiu_and_saukti"><ref target="#cog_lit_saukiu_and_saukti">šaukiù and šaũkti</ref></mentioned> (‘shout, yell, cry’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>heufō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>heufaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>heufai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hiufizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>heufaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>heuf</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>heufazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>heufaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hiufidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>heufai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>heufadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>heufadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>heufaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>heufōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>heufaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>heufadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>heufaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>heufadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>heufamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>heufaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>heufandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>heufaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hiufid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>heufaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hiufid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>heufandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>heufaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>heufandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>heufain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>heufandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>heufandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>heufaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hauf</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hubį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hauft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hubīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hauf</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hubī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hubū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hubīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hubudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hubīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hubum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hubīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hubud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hubīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hubun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hubīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>heufandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hubanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>heufaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*heufan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hēofan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hiovan, heovan, hioƀan, hofna</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*heufan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hiofan, hiufan, hioban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>hiufina</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*heuban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hēofan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hiovan, heovan, hioƀan, hofna</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*heuban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hiofan, hiufan, hioban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>hiufina</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hjúfra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hjúfra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌹𐌿𐍆𐌰𐌽 (hiufan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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