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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hinder</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hinder_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_cant" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>cant</orth>
          <def>with, at, along</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_gan" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>gan</orth>
          <def>with, by</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kata" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κατά</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>katá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>downwards</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kem_ter" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱem-tér-</orth>
          <def>down, back, along, over, through</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_contra" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>contrā</orth>
          <def>back, against</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hinder_1" type="adverb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hinder">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hinder</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxin.der</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛁᚾᛞᛖᚱ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adverb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>back, on that side of, behind</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kem_ter"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kem_ter">*ḱem-tér-</ref></mentioned> (‘down, back, along, over, through’), from *ḱóm (‘beside, near, by, with’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_contra"><ref target="#cog_lat_contra">contrā</ref></mentioned> (‘back, against’), Old Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_cant"><ref target="#cog_cym_cant">cant</ref></mentioned> (‘with, at, along’); &gt; Modern Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_gan"><ref target="#cog_cym_gan">gan</ref></mentioned> (‘with, by’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kata"><ref target="#cog_grc_kata">κατά</ref></mentioned> (katá, ‘downwards’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">An alternative theory by Orel derives the term from *hiz (‘this’), and thus from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hinder</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hinder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hinder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hinder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hintar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hinter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>henger, henner, honner, hönner, hinger</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>hintare</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>hinter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>hanner</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>הינטער (hinter)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hindar</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 (hindar)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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