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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hiwją</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hiwją</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kyeh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱyeh₁-</orth>
          <def>grey, dark shade</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_chavi" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>छवि</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>chavi</orth>
          </form>
          <def>skin, beauty</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hiwja" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hiwją">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hiwją</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxiw.jɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛁᚹᛃᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>appearance, blee</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>form, shape</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>mold, mildew</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Disputed. Either from Proto-Indo-European *kew-, *ḱew- (‘skin, cuticle, hide; beauty, splendour’) or from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kyeh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kyeh1">*ḱyeh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘grey, dark shade’), or a merger of the two. Compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_chavi"><ref target="#cog_san_chavi">छवि</ref></mentioned> (chavi, ‘skin, beauty’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hiwją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hiwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hiwją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hiwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hiwjas, hiwis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hiwjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hiwjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hiwjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hiwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hiwjamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hiwją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hiwjō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hiwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hīew, hīw</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hewe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hue</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hew, hu, hue</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hý</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hýggj</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>höi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hý, hé</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>hy</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*(h)uvjë</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hý</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hȳ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hy</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hy</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌹 (hiwi)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*hipjä</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*ipjë</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Southern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>ïbje</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*heben</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>heven, hepene</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*häivä</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>häivä</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*jievjë</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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