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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hlahjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hlahjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_klokkos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*klokkos</orth>
          <def>bell</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_klek" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*klek-</orth>
          <def>to laugh, cackle</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hlahjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlahjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hlahjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxlɑx.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛚᚨᚺᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to laugh (+ genitive of thing laughed at)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_klek"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_klek">*klek-</ref></mentioned> (‘to laugh, cackle’), a seemingly-onomatopoeic root attested in Germanic and Slavic languages. Cognate with Russian клекота́ть (klekotátʹ, ‘to scream (of birds of prey)’). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_klokkos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_klokkos">*klokkos</ref></mentioned> (‘bell’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlahisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlahi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlahiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlahjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlahjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlahjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlahjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlahjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlahjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlahiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlahiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlahjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlōh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlōgį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlōht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlōgīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlōh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlōgī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlōgū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlōgīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlōgudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlōgīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlōgum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlōgīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlōgud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlōgīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlōgun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlōgīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hlahjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hlaganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hlahjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlahhjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lahhen, *lahhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lachen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>lache</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlahhjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lahhen, *lahhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lachen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lachen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lag</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>laki</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>lach, lag, lah</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>lach, lak</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Petjo</lang>
                          <orth>lahen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlahhjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hliehhan, hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>laughen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>laugh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lauch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>leeigh, leigh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlahhjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hlahhan, hlahhēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>lachen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>lache</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>lachan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>lachen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>laachen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לאַכן (lakhn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlahhjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hlahhian, hlahan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lachen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>lachen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>lachen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlæja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>läa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>læa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hlæja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>læja, læ, le</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlæja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lē</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>le</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>le</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlæja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lēia, lea, lēa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>le</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
