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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hlaibaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hlaibaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_klibanos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>words κλίβανος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>klíbanos</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_klaips" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>klàips</orth>
          <def>loaf</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kliepas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>kliẽpas</orth>
          <def>loaf</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hlaibaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaibaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hlaibaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxlɑi̯.βɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bread</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>loaf</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of unclear origin. The word could have been borrowed from an unknown language or constructed from native material in late Proto-Germanic. It has been connected by Walde 1910 to the Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_klibanos"><ref target="#cog_grc_klibanos">words κλίβανος</ref></mentioned> (klíbanos), κρίβανος (kríbanos, ‘baker's oven; pan with a lid for baking bread’) and κλιβανίτης (klibanítēs, ‘bread baked in a κλίβανος’), which according to Beekes is probably a borrowing from an unknown substrate language. The Germanic word could well have been borrowed from the same source. If so, it would be an early borrowing, since the word then apparently displays the effects of Grimm's Law.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Compare Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_klaips"><ref target="#cog_lav_klaips">klàips</ref></mentioned> (‘loaf’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kliepas"><ref target="#cog_lit_kliepas">kliẽpas</ref></mentioned> (‘loaf’). Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- is suggested as their origin, owing to the fact that the earliest flatbreads were disk-shaped. The Proto-Germanic word could have been borrowed from Balto-Slavic or vice versa.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hlaibaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hlaibōz, hlaibōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hlaibą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hlaibanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hlaibas, hlaibis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hlaibǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hlaibai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hlaibamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hlaibō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hlaibamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hlaib</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hlaibōz, hlaibōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaib</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hlāf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lof, lofe, loff, loof, looffe, love, hlaf, laf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>laif</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaib</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hlāf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lof, lofe, loff, loof, looffe, love, hlaf, laf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>loaf</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bengali</lang>
                          <orth>লোফ (lōph)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Marshallese</lang>
                          <orth>ļoob</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>loff</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>loff</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                          <orth>lofa</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaib</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hlēf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>liaf</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>luffe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaib</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hleib, leib, leip, hlaiba, laiba</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>leip</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Loab</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Laif</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Laib</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Lääb, Laab</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaib</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*hlēf, *hlēfa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>klepe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hleifr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>leivur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hleifur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>leiv</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hleifr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lev</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>lev</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hleifr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lēver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>lev</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 (hlaifs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*xlěbъ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍃 (hlaibs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*xlěbъ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*lājpē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*laipa</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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