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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hlaidrijō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hlaidrijō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_klimax" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κλῖμαξ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>klîmax</orth>
          </form>
          <def>ladder</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kley" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱley-</orth>
          <def>to lean</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_clathri" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>clathri</orth>
          <def>trellis</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hlaidrijo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaidrijō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hlaidrijō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxlɑi̯.dri.jɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛚᚨᛁᛞᚱᛁᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>ladder</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kley"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kley">*ḱley-</ref></mentioned> (‘to lean’). Cognate with Middle Irish clithar (‘hedge’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_klimax"><ref target="#cog_grc_klimax">κλῖμαξ</ref></mentioned> (klîmax, ‘ladder’), and related to Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra, “booth, tent”, literally “that which leans”). Compare also Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_clathri"><ref target="#cog_lat_clathri">clathri</ref></mentioned> (‘trellis’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hlaidrijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hlaidrijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hlaidrijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hlaidrijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hlaidrijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hlaidrijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hlaidrijōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hlaidrijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hlaidrijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hlaidrijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hlaidrijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hlaidrijôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaidriju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lēdara</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                      <orth>lejjer, leier</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaidriju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lēdara</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ledere, leedre, ledder, laddere, ladere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ladder, leer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>ladder, leer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaidriju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hlǣder, hlæder, hlædder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>laddre, ladder, laddere, laddir, ladre, ledder, leddre, leddyr, lheddre, læddræ, læddre, leaddre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ledder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaidriju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hlǣder, hlæder, hlædder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>laddre, ladder, laddere, laddir, ladre, ledder, leddre, leddyr, lheddre, læddræ, læddre, leaddre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ladder, ledder</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bislama</lang>
                          <orth>lada</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pijin</lang>
                          <orth>lada</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaidriju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hladder, hledder, hleder, hlērde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ladder, lääder</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Laadere, Laddere</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ljedder, leider, ljerre</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaidriju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hleitra, hleitara, leitra, leitara</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>leiter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Later, Loater</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Leeter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Leeder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לייטער (leyter)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaidriju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hleitra, hleitara, leitra, leitara</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>leiter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Leiter</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hungarian</lang>
                          <orth>létra</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                          <orth>lótre, lójtre</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaidriju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hlēderi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>leddere, ledder, lēdere, lēder, leider, ladder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Ledder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>leider</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>leider</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Lada</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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