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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hlaupaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hlaupaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_klewb" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*klewb-</orth>
          <def>to spring; to hop</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_klupt" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>klupt</orth>
          <def>to stumble</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hlaupana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaupaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hlaupaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxlɑu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛚᚨᚢᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7b</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to jump forward, to leap</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_klewb"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_klewb">*klewb-</ref></mentioned> (‘to spring; to hop’). Compare Lithuanian klùpti, Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_klupt"><ref target="#cog_lav_klupt">klupt</ref></mentioned> (‘to stumble’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaupaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlaupōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlaupaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlaupadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlaupaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlaupadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hehlaup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hehlaupį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hehlauft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hehlaupīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hehlaup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hehlaupī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hehlaupū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hehlaupīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hehlaupudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hehlaupīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hehlaupum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hehlaupīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hehlaupud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hehlaupīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hehlaupun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hehlaupīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hlaupandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hlaupanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hlaupaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>gualoper, galoper</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>lōpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                      <orth>loope</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>lōpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lôpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>loupe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>lōpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lôpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lopen, loopen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>loop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>loop, loo, lo, lu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>lop, louphe, luffi, loup</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hlēapan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lepen, leapen, leopen, leppen, luppen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>leap</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lepe, leip, leap</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hlāpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lope, loope</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ljeppe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hloufan, loufan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>loufen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>laufe, lauffe, loufe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>laffa</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>loofe, laafe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>laufen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לויפֿן (loyfn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hlōpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lôpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>lopen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlaupa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>lopa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>leypa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hlaupa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>lopa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>laupa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlaupa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>lopen, loupen, laupen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>lope</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>lowp, loup</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yola</lang>
                      <orth>laupe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlaupa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>løpæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>lǿba</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlaupa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>løpæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>løbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>løpe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>løpa</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlaupa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>laupa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>laupe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlaupa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lø̄pa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>löpa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                        <orth>löpa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ushlaupan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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