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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hlaþaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hlaþaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kleh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kleh₂-</orth>
          <def>to put, lay out</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kloti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>klṓti</orth>
          <def>to lay, lay out, spread, pave</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hlathana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaþaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hlaþaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxlɑ.θɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛚᚨᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to load</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kleh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kleh2">*kleh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to put, lay out’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kloti"><ref target="#cog_lit_kloti">klṓti</ref></mentioned> (‘to lay, lay out, spread, pave’), Russian клад (klad, ‘treasure’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaþaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlaþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlaþaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlaþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlaþaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlaþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlaþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlōdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlōst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlōdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlōdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlōdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlōdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlōdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlōdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlōdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlōdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlōdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlōdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlōdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlōdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hlaþandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hladanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hlaþaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ladan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lāden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>laden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>laai</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hladan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>laden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lade</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lade, laid</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hladan, ladan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>laden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>lade</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>laden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>lueden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>ładować</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hlaþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hladan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lāden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>laden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlaða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>leða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>laða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hlaða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>la, lade, lada</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlaða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lade</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>lade, la</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlaða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>laþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ladda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*hlaþan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>laduma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>latoa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Votic</lang>
                    <orth>latoa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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