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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hleutaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hleutaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_klewh_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*klewH-</orth>
          <def>lot, fate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_klut" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>kļũt</orth>
          <def>to become, succeed</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_klutas" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>kļũtas</orth>
          <def>fate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kliuti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>kliū́ti</orth>
          <def>to stick, hang on</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kleh2w" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)klēh₂w-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hleutana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hleutaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hleutaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxleu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛚᛖᚢᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to cast lots</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to be alotted</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to obtain by lot, to beget, to acquire</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">The pre-Germanic root form *klewd- seems unattested outside Germanic, but it is likely an extension of the same Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_klewh_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_klewh_x2">root *klewH-</ref></mentioned> (‘lot, fate’) as seen in Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kliuti"><ref target="#cog_lit_kliuti">kliū́ti</ref></mentioned> (‘to stick, hang on’) and Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_klut"><ref target="#cog_lav_klut">kļũt</ref></mentioned> (‘to become, succeed’), especially in view of Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_klutas"><ref target="#cog_lav_klutas">kļũtas</ref></mentioned> (‘fate’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Less likely from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kleh2w"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kleh2w">*(s)klēh₂w-</ref></mentioned> (‘to shut, close, lock; to check, hamper, hem in’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hleutō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hleutaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hleutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hliutizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hleutaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hleut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hleutazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hleutaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hliutidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hleutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hleutadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hleutadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hleutaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hleutōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hleutaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hleutadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hleutaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hleutadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hleutamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hleutaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hleutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hleutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hliutid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hleutaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hliutid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hleutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hleutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hleutandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hleutain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hleutandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hleutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hleutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hlutį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlaust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hlutīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hlutī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlutū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hlutīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlutudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hlutīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlutum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hlutīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlutud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hlutīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlutun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hlutīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hleutandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hlutanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hleutaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hleutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hlēotan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hliotan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hleutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hliozan, liozan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>liezen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hljóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ljóta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hljóta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hljóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>liūta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ljuta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*leütädäk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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