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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hliwjaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hliwjaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_clyd" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>clyd</orth>
          <def>warm, cozy</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_w" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱal</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>w</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_calor" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>calor</orth>
          <def>warmth, heat</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_siltas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>šiltas</orth>
          <def>warm</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hliwjaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hliwjaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hliwjaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxliw.jɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᛚᛁᚹᛃᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>lukewarm</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_w"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_w">*ḱal</ref></mentioned> (w)e-, *ḱlēw- (‘warm, hot’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_siltas"><ref target="#cog_lit_siltas">šiltas</ref></mentioned> (‘warm’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_calor"><ref target="#cog_lat_calor">calor</ref></mentioned> (‘warmth, heat’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_clyd"><ref target="#cog_cym_clyd">clyd</ref></mentioned> (‘warm, cozy’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwją, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwją, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwjas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwjammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwjanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hliwjaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwjô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwjô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwjaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwjanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwjô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwjanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwjanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwjanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwjammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwjammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hliwjammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hliwjōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hliwjammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hliuwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hlīwe, hlīewe, hlȳwe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lewe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lew</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lew</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hlýr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ly</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>lýggjur, Finlandic lect: ?</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>löir</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hlýr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>ly</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ly</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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