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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hnakkô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hnakkô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_knukkos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*knukkos</orth>
          <def>protuberance; hill</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_knuk" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>kñuk</orth>
          <def>neck</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hnakko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hnakkô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hnakkô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxnɑk.kɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚾᚨᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>the back of the neck; nape</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *knog-, *kneg- (‘back of the head, nape, neck’), from *ken- (‘to press, pinch, buckle, kink’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen reconstructs an etymon Proto-Indo-European *knékō, which he connects with Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="xto" target="#cog_xto_knuk"><ref target="#cog_xto_knuk">kñuk</ref></mentioned> (‘neck’). German Hunke (‘hillock’) might retain a trace of the original genitive. Compare Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_knukkos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_knukkos">*knukkos</ref></mentioned> (‘protuberance; hill’), which Kroonen suggests is borrowed from Germanic.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Compare also the suffix *-kô, found in names of several other body parts.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hnakkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hnakkaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hnakkanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hnakkanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hnakkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hnakkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hnakkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hnakkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hnakkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hnakkammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hnakkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hnakkaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnakkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nakko, nekko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                      <orth>nak</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnakkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nakko, nekko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nacke, nac, necke, nack, neck, nick</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nek</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>nek</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnakkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*hnæcca, hnecca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>nekke, nake, nec, necke, nek, neke, nhicke, nykke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>neck</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>neck</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnakkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hnekka, nekke</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>neek, neeke, Nak</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Näcke, Näkke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>nekke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnakkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hnahho, hnach-, hnacch-, hnac, nach, nac, nak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>knac, nacke, nac</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Nacken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>naoka</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>נאַקן (nakn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnakkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*hnakko, *hnekko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nacke, nëcke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Nacke, Nack</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>nakke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Jenekj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnekkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nakko, nekko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                      <orth>nak</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnekkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nakko, nekko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nacke, nac, necke, nack, neck, nick</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nek</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>nek</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnekkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*hnæcca, hnecca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>nekke, nake, nec, necke, nek, neke, nhicke, nykke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>neck</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>neck</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnekkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hnekka, nekke</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>neek, neeke, Nak</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Näcke, Näkke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>nekke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnekkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hnahho, hnach-, hnacch-, hnac, nach, nac, nak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>knac, nacke, nac</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Nacken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>naoka</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>נאַקן (nakn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnekkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*hnakko, *hnekko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nacke, nëcke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Nacke, Nack</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>nakke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Jenekj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hnakki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>nakki</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hnakki</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>nakke</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hnakki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>nakkæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>nakke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hnakki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>nakke</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nacke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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