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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hneudaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hneudaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_knuthos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κνύθος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>knúthos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>small thorn</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hneudana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hneudaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hneudaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxneu̯.ðɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚾᛖᚢᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to hammer, to pound</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Compare *knudaną (‘to rivet, knead’), source of Old Norse hnoða (‘to rivet’). Also compared to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_knuthos"><ref target="#cog_grc_knuthos">κνύθος</ref></mentioned> (knúthos, ‘small thorn’), but Kroonen finds this semantically unconvincing.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hneudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hneudaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hneudai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hniudizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneudaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneudazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneudaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hniudidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneudai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneudadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneudadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneudaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hneudōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hneudaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hneudadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hneudaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hneudadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneudamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneudaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneudandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneudaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hniudid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hneudaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hniudid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hneudandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hneudaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneudandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneudain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneudandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneudandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneudaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnaud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnudį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnaust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnudīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnaud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnudī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnudū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnudīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnududiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnudīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnudum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnudīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnudud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnudīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnudun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnudīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hneudandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hnudanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hneudaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneudan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*niedan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nieden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneudan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hniotan, *niotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>bihniotan</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneudan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hniotan, *niotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nieten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>nieten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>nitte</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneudan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hniotan, *niotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nieten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>nieten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>nita</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Finnish</lang>
                            <orth>niitata</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneudan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*hniodan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nêden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hnjóða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hnjóða</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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