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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hneupaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hneupaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hneupana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hneupaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hneupaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxneu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚾᛖᚢᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to pluck, tear</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *knew-, *kenw- (‘to scratch, scrape, rub’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hneupō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hneupaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hneupai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hniupizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneupaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneupazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneupaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hniupidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneupai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneupadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneupadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneupaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hneupōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hneupaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hneupadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hneupaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hneupadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneupamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneupaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hniupid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hneupaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hniupid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hneupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hneupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneupandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneupain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneupandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnaup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnupį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnauft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnupīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnaup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnupī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnupū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnupīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnupudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnupīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnupum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnupīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnupud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnupīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnupun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnupīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hneupandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hnupanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hneupaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*hnēopan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <orth>(in combination: āhnēopan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*hnjúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>niupa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nypa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (*hniupan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <orth>(in combination: 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (dishniupan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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