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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hneusaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hneusaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_knus" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)knus-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hneusana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hneusaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hneusaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxneu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚾᛖᚢᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sneeze</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants. Forms with initial h- may show interference from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_knus"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_knus">*(s)knus-</ref></mentioned> (‘to sneeze’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hneusō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hneusaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hneusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hniusizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneusaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneusazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneusaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hniusidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneusadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneusadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hneusaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hneusōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hneusaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hneusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hneusaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hneusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneusamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneusaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hneusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hniusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hneusaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hniusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hneusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hneusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneusandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneusain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneusandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hneusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnaus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnuzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnaust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnuzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnaus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnuzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnuzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnuzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnuzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnuzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnuzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnuzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnuzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnuzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnuzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnuzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hneusandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hnuzanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hneusaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*niesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>niesen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>niezen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>nies</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*hnēosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>nesen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>neeze</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>nese, neese</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niesen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>niesen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ניסן (nisn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*hniosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nēsen, neisen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hnjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>nyse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>njósa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hnjósa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>nyse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>nyse</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hnjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>niūsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nysa, njusa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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